Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Human coronaviruses cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from mild common colds
to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Three highly pathogenic human …

Virus-specific CD8+ T cells that differentiate in the context of resolved versus persisting
infections exhibit divergent phenotypic and functional characteristics, which suggests that …

SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause severe respiratory COVID-19. However, many individuals
present with isolated upper respiratory symptoms, suggesting potential to constrain viral …

Adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells are crucial for protective
immunity against pathogens and tumors. Differentiation and function of immune cells require …

T cells are important for effective viral clearance, elimination of virus-infected cells, and long-
term disease protection. To examine the full spectrum of CD8+ T cell immunity in COVID-19 …

Although mRNA vaccine efficacy against severe coronavirus disease 2019 remains high,
variant emergence has prompted booster immunizations. However, the effects of repeated …

In addition to CD4+ T cells and neutralizing antibodies, CD8+ T cells contribute to protective
immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID …