The involvement of the gut microbiota and the metabolites of colon-residing bacteria in brain
disease pathogenesis has been covered in a growing number of studies, but comparative …

The ribosome is a multi-unit complex that translates mRNA into protein. Ribosome
biogenesis is the process that generates ribosomes and plays an essential role in cell …

Background Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial impairment play important roles in the
neuropathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis or simple gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex and interactive
bidirectional communication network linking the gut to the brain. Alterations in the …

Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive form of
brain stimulation that positively regulates the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's …

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease (NDD) of the brain. It
has been reported that prolactin (PRL) hormone plays a differential effect in PD, may be …

The gut microbiota is indispensable for maintaining host health by enhancing the host's
digestive capacity, safeguarding the intestinal epithelial barrier, and preventing pathogen …

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication network connecting the gastrointestinal
tract and central nervous system. The axis keeps track of gastrointestinal activities and …

There is mounting evidence that the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is critical in the
pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that probiotic …

Background and purpose The intestinal microbiome plays a primary role in the
pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and may provide an opportunity for disease …