Background and purpose Parkinson disease (PD)‐associated alterations in the gut
microbiome have been observed in clinical and animal studies. However, it remains unclear …

The aetiologies and origins of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease
(AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's …

The Gut-brain axis is a bidirectional neural and humoral signaling that plays an important
role in mental disorders and intestinal health and connects them as well. Over the past …

Tributyrin (TB) is a butyric acid precursor and has a key role in anti-inflammatory and
intestinal barrier repair effects by slowly releasing butyric acid. However, its roles in gut …

The scientific and medical communities are becoming more aware of the substantial
relationship between the function of the central nervous system (CNS) and the state of the …

Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurological disease after Alzheimer's.
Primarily, old age males are more affected than females. The aggregates of oligomeric forms …

Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota and the brain are closely connected
via the so-called gut–brain axis. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a gut …

Abstract β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is one of main component of ketone body, which plays an
important protective role in various tissues and organs. Whereas, its exact regulatory roles …

Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, vary in
their clinical phenotype but exhibit the same defining pathological feature, α-synuclein …

In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that gut microbiota is associated with
the onset and exacerbation of various diseases, such as gastrointestinal cancer. For …