Metabolic transformation is a hallmark of cancer and a critical target for cancer therapy.
Cancer metabolism and behaviour are regulated by cell-intrinsic factors as well as …

The growing field of immune metabolism has revealed promising indications for metabolic
targets to modulate anti-cancer immunity. Combination therapies involving metabolic …

In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the
development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as …

Despite its position as the first-line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the
mechanisms underlying the plasma glucose level-lowering effects of metformin (1, 1 …

Metformin has been reported to possess antitumor activity and maintain high cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL) immune surveillance. However, the functions and detailed mechanisms of …

The success of immunotherapy in oncology underscores the vital role of the immune system
in cancer development. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain a fine balance between …

Metformin is a well-known anti-diabetic drug that has been repurposed for several emerging
applications, including as an anti-cancer agent. It boasts the distinct advantages of an …

Tumor immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced
cancers. T cells are key mediators of antitumor function that specifically recognize and react …

Checkpoint blockade has formally demonstrated that reactivating anti-tumor immune
responses can regress tumors. However, this only occurs in a fraction of patients …

Tumor cells form immune escape and subsequently obtain unlimited proliferation ability due
to the abnormal immune surveillance mediated by immune checkpoints. Among this class of …