In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 functionally distinct subsets of activated CD4 T
cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, being key in distinct T cell mediated responses. Over the past three …

CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity (CD4 CTL) have been observed in various immune
responses. These cells are characterized by their ability to secrete granzyme B and perforin …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects the central nervous system (CNS) and analyzing CSF
aids the diagnosis of CNS diseases, but our understanding of CSF leukocytes remains …

CD4+ T helper (TH) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells that respond to common allergens
play an important role in driving and dampening airway inflammation in patients with …

The accumulation of CD28− T cells, particularly within the CD8 subset, is one of the most
prominent changes during T-cell homeostasis and function associated with aging in …

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a major cause of neurological disability, which increases
predominantly during disease progression as a result of cortical and grey matter structures …

There is a dramatic remodeling of the T cell compartment during aging. The most notorious
changes are the reduction of the naive T cell pool and the accumulation of memory-like T …

Beyond midlife, the immune system shows aging features and its defensive capability
becomes impaired, by a process known as immunosenescence that involves many changes …

Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) show a suboptimal CD4+
CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) function, whereas no Treg alterations are observed in …

T-cells play a key role within the adaptive immune system mediating cellular immunity and
orchestrating the immune response as a whole. Their activation requires not only …