The ability of feathers to perform many functions either simultaneously or at different times
throughout the year or life of a bird is integral to the evolutionary history of birds. Many …

Animal camouflage has long been used to illustrate the power of natural selection, and
provides an excellent testbed for investigating the trade‐offs affecting the adaptive value of …

The first comprehensive review of all aspects of the biology of moult, drawing information
from across the literature and in all birds, from penguins to passerines. Feathers are …

Animal camouflage represents one of the most important ways of preventing (or facilitating)
predation. It attracted the attention of the earliest evolutionary biologists, and today remains …

Birds exhibit remarkable variation in plumage patterns, both within individual feathers and
among plumage patches. Differences in the size, shape, and location of pigments and …

Animal camouflage is a longstanding example of adaptation. Much research has tested how
camouflage prevents detection and recognition, largely focusing on changes to an animal's …

Camouflage is an important anti-predator strategy for many animals and is traditionally
thought of as being tightly linked to a specific visual background. While much work focuses …

Fear influences almost all aspects of a prey species' behaviour, such as its foraging and
movement, and has the potential to cause trophic cascades. The superior low-light vision of …

Explanations of how organisms might adapt to urban environments have mostly focused on
divergent natural selection and adaptive plasticity. However, differential habitat choice has …

Calibrated digital photography is frequently used in studies focusing on avian eggshell
appearance to measure colour and pattern features. Photographs are often taken in natural …