Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and
pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within …

Futile cycles are biological phenomena where two opposing biochemical reactions run
simultaneously, resulting in a net energy loss without appreciable productivity. Such a state …

GFRAL-expressing neurons actuate aversion and nausea, are targets for obesity treatment,
and may mediate metformin effects by long-term GDF15-GFRAL agonism. Whether GFRAL+ …

The interplay between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, often referred to as the adipo-
insular axis, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Adipokines are …

In contrast to the well-defined biological feedback loops controlling glucose, the
mechanisms by which the body responds to changes in fatty acid availability are less clearly …

Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines
fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an …

Physical exercise is considered an important physiological intervention able to prevent
cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and obesity-related cardiometabolic imbalance …

Obesity, a global health challenge, is a major risk factor for multiple life-threatening
diseases, including diabetes, fatty liver, and cancer. There is an ongoing need to identify …

Platinum-based chemotherapy drugs can lead to the development of anorexia, a detrimental
effect on the overall health of cancer patients. However, managing chemotherapy-induced …

Background: Despite the growing recognition of the obesity crisis, its rates continue to rise.
The current first-line therapies, such as dietary changes, energy restriction, and physical …