For more than a century, clinical investigators have focused on early life as a source of adult
psychopathology. Early theories about psychic conflict and toxic parenting have been …

The classic view of estrogen actions in the brain was confined to regulation of ovulation and
reproductive behavior in the female of all mamamalian species studied, including humans …

In the third edition of her popular text, Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities, Diane Halpern
tackles fundamental questions about the meaning of sex differences in cognition and why …

Objective To propose a new hypothesis that GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and
inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background …

The hypothalamus is a central regulator of many behaviors that are essential for survival,
such as temperature regulation, food intake and circadian rhythms. However, the molecular …

Depression is one of the most common, costly and severe psychopathologies worldwide. Its
incidence, however, differs significantly between the sexes, and depression rates in women …

The chemical signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO), which freely diffuses through aqueous
and lipid environments, subserves an array of functions in the mammalian central nervous …

Stress is associated with numerous chronic diseases, beginning in fetal development with in
utero exposures (prenatal stress) impacting offspring's risk for disorders later in life. In …

Major depressive disorder topped ischemic heart disease as the number one cause of
disability worldwide in 2012, and women have twice the risk of men. Further, the comorbidity …

This article examines how hormonal changes may affect the neuronal networking and
mechanisms of cognitive function. Hormones are the chemical regulators of the human body …