In this work, the dynamics of a predator-prey system considering square root type functional
response for prey herd behaviour and nonlinear prey harvesting has been analyzed. The …

The refuge effect is critical in ecosystems for stabilizing predator-prey interactions. The
purpose of this research was to investigate the complexities of a discrete-time predator-prey …

Phytoplanktons are drifting plants in an aquatic system. They provide food for marine
animals and are compared to terrestrial plants in that having chlorophyll and carrying out …

The complex dynamics of a predator-prey system in discrete time are studied. In this system,
we consider the prey's Gompertz growth and the square-root functional response. The …

Prey‐predator models with refuge effect have great importance in the context of ecology.
Constant refuge and refuge proportional to prey are the most popular concepts of refuge in …

The main focus of this paper is to investigate the dynamical properties of a discrete prey–
predator model with scavenger in the interior of R+ 3. We have explored the local dynamics …

Phytoplankton and zooplankton's interconnection coordinate in various dynamical
processes that occur in ecological population and make it a fascinating subject matter to …

In this paper, we consider a two-species predator–prey model with Holling type III functional
response and non-linear predator harvesting. The proposed model is discretized using a …

In many environments, predators have significantly longer lives and meet several
generations of prey, or the prey population reproduces rapidly. The slow–fast effect can best …

We present a set of four three-dimensional models inspired by predator–prey systems
involving a basal food source, prey, and predator, with each model including a variation in …