Circular RNA (circRNA) is a class of newly discovered noncoding RNA (ncRNA), presenting
as a special covalent loop without a 5′ cap or 3′ tail. Multiple biological properties of …

Serving as one of our primary environmental inputs, vision is the most sophisticated sensory
system in humans. Here, we present recent findings derived from energetics, genetics and …

Mitochondrial decline in ageing robs cells of ATP. However, animal studies show that long
wavelength exposure (650–900 nm) over weeks partially restores ATP and improves …

Background Aging is associated with functional decline of neurons and increased incidence
of both neurodegenerative and ocular disease. Photoreceptor neurons in Drosophila …

Genomics and genetics have invaded all aspects of biology and medicine, opening
uncharted territory for scientific exploration. The definition of “gene” itself has become …

Differential cell death is a common feature of aging and age-related disease. In the retina,
30% of rod photoreceptors are lost over life in humans and rodents. However, studies have …

In all of the mammalian species studied to date, the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones
and the S-cone bipolar cells that receive their input are very similar, but the retinal ganglion …

We review the features of the S-cone system that appeal to the psychophysicist and
summarize the celebrated characteristics of S-cone mediated vision. Two factors are …

In old world primates including humans, cone photoreceptors are classified according to
their maximal sensitivity at either short (S, blue), middle (M, green) or long (L, red) …

Structurally and functionally, the short-wave-sensitive (S) cone pathways are thought to
decline more rapidly with normal aging than the middle-and long-wave-sensitive cone …