Background Multiple sclerosis is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system. It is the second most common cause of disability in adults in United States after head …

Abstract AbstractSphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid mediator, regulates various
cellular functions via high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-5. The S1P-S1P …

Differentiation of proinflammatory CD4+ conventional T cells (T conv) is critical for productive
antitumor responses yet their elicitation remains poorly understood. We comprehensively …

Hypertension (HTN), a disease afflicting over one billion individuals worldwide, is a leading
cause of cognitive impairment, the mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. In the …

The discovery of fingolimod (FTY720/Gilenya; Novartis), an orally active immunomodulatory
drug, has opened up new approaches to the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the most …

Adaptive immunity depends on T-cell exit from the thymus and T and B cells travelling
between secondary lymphoid organs to survey for antigens. After activation in lymphoid …

Blood lymphocyte numbers, essential for the development of efficient immune responses,
are maintained by recirculation through secondary lymphoid organs. We show that …

Immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporin have allowed widespread organ
transplantation, but their utility remains limited by toxicities, and they are ineffective in …

Lymph nodes (LNs) are the organs where innate immune responses lead to acquired
immunity, where some of our most devastating pathogens evade immunity, and where …

The immunomodulatory drug fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya R) was approved for oral
treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, due to its impressive efficacy and good …