The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

Interactions between natural selection and population dynamics are central to both
evolutionary‐ecology and biological responses to anthropogenic change. Natural selection …

Warning signals are a striking example of natural selection present in almost every
ecological community–from Nordic meadows to tropical rainforests, defended prey species …

Aposematic organisms couple conspicuous warning signals with a secondary defense to
deter predators from attacking. Novel signals of aposematic prey are expected to be …

Many bees and stinging wasps, or aculeates, exhibit striking colour patterns or conspicuous
coloration, such as black and yellow stripes. Such coloration is often interpreted as an …

Aposematic bright colors have a key role for animal defense and can be expressed through
metabolic production or by acquiring pigments from diet. Aposematic coloration can be …

Mimicry rings are communities of mimetic organisms that are excellent models for ecological
and evolutionary studies because the community composition, the nature of the species …

Contrary to expectations regarding efficient predator education mediated by lack of
ambiguity and enhanced prey recognition, aposematic signals often show considerable …

Colour is often used as an aposematic warning signal, with predator learning expected to
lead to a single colour pattern within a population. However, there are many puzzling cases …

The combined use of noxious chemical defences and conspicuous warning colours is a
ubiquitous anti-predator strategy. That such signals advertise the presence of defences is …