Many studies have investigated the antiviral activity of cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-
6), interleukin-22 (IL-22), interleukin-32 gamma (IL-32γ), and interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) in …

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-32 has gained much attention recently
because of its important role in the inflammatory network. Since the discovery of IL-32 in …

The interleukin (IL)-12 family consists of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are able to
signal the activation of host antiviral immunity while preventing over-reactive immune …

Interleukin (IL)-32 has been recognized as a proinflammatory cytokine that participates in
responses to viral infection. However, little is known about how IL-32 is induced in response …

Abstract Interleukin 33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, is constitutively expressed in
epithelial and in endothelial cells at barrier sites, acting as a danger signal and adjuvanting …

Members of the interleukin 12 (IL-12) family have been known to be inflammatory factors
since their discovery. The IL-12 family consists of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and a new …

Viral infections cause substantial human morbidity and mortality, and are a significant health
burden worldwide. Following a viral infection, the host may initiate complex antiviral immune …

Several studies have documented a proinflammatory role for IL-32, which induces IL-1α, IL-
1β, IL-6, TNF, and chemokines via NF-κB, p38MAPK, and AP-1. However, IL-32 also …

Most people suffer from at least one viral infection in their life, some more virulent and
aggressive than others. The aggressiveness and progression of viral diseases depends on …

Emergence of new, pandemic-level viral threats has brought to the forefront the importance
of viral immunology and continued improvement of antiviral therapies. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) …