Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

Major depression (MD) is a severe, lifethreatening, and highly prevalent psychiatric disorder,
predicted to soon become one of the major causes of death worldwide. Despite extensive …

Signs and symptoms that are characteristic for depression include changes in the setpoint of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, which in the majority of these …

Depression has been associated with impaired mineralocorticoid receptor function,
restrained glucocorticoid receptor feedback at the level of the hypothalamic–pituitary …

The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains elusive, and there is no
established biochemical marker used in the daily clinical setting. This situation may result in …

In severely depressed patients, emotional arousal, cognitive abnormality and vulnerability to
psychotic episodes are linked to a hyperactive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis …

Background Most of our knowledge of the biological basis of major depressive disorder
(MDD) is derived from studies of chronic stress models in rodents. While these models …

Alterations in multiple biological functions, such as transcription factor activity, are implicated
in the neurobiology of depression, based primarily on the characterization of antidepressant …

Studies over the last 20 years have demonstrated that increased inflammation and
hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are two of the most consistent …

Salivary cortisol sampling has confirmed the presence of increased cortisol secretion in
depression and has also revealed that some aspects of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal …