The present electric power system structure has lasted for decades; it is still partially
proprietary, energy-inefficient, physically and virtually (or cyber) insecure, as well as prone …

Three dominant factors are impacting future electric systems of the world: governmental
policies at both federal and state levels, customer efficiency needs, and new intelligent …

Getting Smart Page 1 38 IEEE power & energy magazine march/april 2008 1540-7977/08/$25.00©2008
IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MPE.2007.915181 Page 2 march/april 2008 IEEE …

For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid.
Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is …

Making the smart grid a reality will entail communication capabilities that do not exist in
current power grids and their legacy control systems. New grid elements such as distributed …

Modernization of the conventional power system is being driven by increased load, aging
infrastructure and proposed legislation to increase taxation of greenhouse gas emissions …

Although the traditional power grid has been spread all over the world, it has degraded
since its first installation. The architectural structure of a typical power network is comprised …

The next-generation electric power systems (smart grid) are studied intensively as a
promising solution for energy crisis. One important feature of the smart grid is the integration …

The smart grid that is a new concept introduced at the beginning of the 2000s intends to
include bidirectional communication infrastructure to conventional grids in order to enable …

A modern power grid needs to become smarter in order to provide an affordable, reliable,
and sustainable supply of electricity. For these reasons, considerable activity has been …