As the intestinal microbiota has become better appreciated as necessary for maintenance of
physiologic homeostasis and also as a modulator of disease processes, there has been a …

This review elaborates the development of germfree and gnotobiotic animal models and
their application in the scientific field to unravel mechanisms underlying host—microbe …

Background Normal mammalian development and homeostasis are dependent upon the gut
microbiota. Antibiotics, essential for the treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial infections, can …

Background Inappropriate cross talk between mammals and their gut microbiota may trigger
intestinal inflammation and drive extra-intestinal immune-mediated diseases. Epithelial cells …

Germ-free rodents have no microorganisms living in or on them, allowing researchers to
specifically control an animal's microbiota through the direct inoculation of bacteria of …

Targeted manipulation of the gut flora is increasingly being recognized as a means to
improve human health. Yet, the temporal dynamics and intra-and interindividual …

Laboratory mice are the most commonly used animal model in translational medical
research. In recent years, the impact of the gut microbiota (ie communities of …

Objective Despite widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of life-threatening
infections and for research on the role of commensal microbiota, our understanding of their …

Eukaryotic organisms are colonized by rich and dynamic communities of microbes, both
internally (eg, in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts) and externally (eg, on skin and …

Background Human microbiota-associated (HMA) animal models relying on germ-free
recipient mice are being used to study the relationship between intestinal microbiota and …