Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

Animals that are brightly colored have intrigued scientists since the time of Darwin, because
it seems surprising that prey should have evolved to be clearly visible to predators. Often this …

The question,“Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning
coloration?” has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that …

The handicap theory, in which the cost of waste guarantees honest advertising, is being
used increasingly in solutions to the problems of biological signal evolution. However, it is …

Aposematic coloration is commonly considered to signal unpalatability, yet animals
advertise malodour, spines, and weaponry as well as toxins, some of which can be seen at a …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Aposematism, the use of conspicuous colours to advertise unpalatability to predators, is
perhaps the most studied signalling system in nature. However, its evolutionary stability …

The evolution of warning coloration (aposematism) has been difficult to explain because
rare conspicuous mutants should suffer a higher cost of discovery by predators relative to …

Warning coloration signals are a familiar and conspicuous phenomenon in nature. However,
the fundamental question of how warning signals initially evolved remains unanswered. For …

Aposematic conspicuous coloration consists of one or a few bright colours, often in
combination with a black defined internal pattern. The function of conspicuousness in …