In our continuing examination of the role of exposomes in autoimmune disease, we use this
review to focus on pathogens. Infections are major contributors to the pathophysiology of …

Highlights•Commensal dysbiosis is associated with autoimmune diseases.•The gut
microbial ecosystem is shaped by the host through the immune system.•The gut microbiota …

The catastrophic failure of human metabolism observed in autoimmune disease results from
a common underlying pathogenesis–the successive accumulation of pathogens into the …

Autoimmune diseases have long been known to share a common pathogenesis involving a
dysregulated immune system with a failure to recognize self from non-self-antigens. This …

Autoimmune diseases are complex, multifactorial diseases with a polygenic trait and diverse
environmental factors that contribute to triggering and exacerbating each disorder. The …

Complex host–microbiota interactions contribute to systemic autoimmunity outside the gut.
On a molecular level, posttranslational modification of, and cross-reactivity with …

Autoimmune disease has traditionally been thought to be due to the impact of environmental
factors on genetically susceptible individuals causing immune dysregulation and loss of …

Trillions of microbes survive and thrive inside the human body. These tiny creatures are
crucial to the development and maturation of our immune system and to maintain gut …

Although the mechanisms by which the human microbiome influences the onset and
progression of autoimmune diseases remain to be determined, established animal models …

Highlights•Murine systems have offered paradigms by which imbalances and translocations
of gut pathobionts contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis.•Commensal microbes express …