Macrophages play diverse roles in development, homeostasis, and immunity. Accordingly,
the dysfunction of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and progression of various …

Highlights•Macrophage activation is best described by a multi-dimensional model.•Targeting
macrophages specifically requires a multi-modal approach.•Macrophage reprogramming …

Macrophages are dominant innate immune cells. They demonstrate remarkable
heterogeneity and plasticity that are essential for homeostasis and host defense. The …

Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces
and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens …

Macrophages, as a key element in innate immunity, play an important role in the first-line
defense against pathogens and modulating inflammatory responses. From the traditional …

Macrophages, cells belonging to the innate immune system, present a high plasticity grade,
being able to change their phenotype in response to environmental stimuli. They play …

Immune disorders are a self-attacking state of our defense mechanism influencing diverse
body tissues and organs. One of the most significant obstacles in treatment for immune …

Macrophages exhibit remarkable plasticity and can change their phenotype in response to
different environmental cues. They can become activated to kill intracellular microbes or they …

The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As
multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in …

Macrophages are crucial orchestrators of host defence and tissue homeostasis.
Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic cells that in response to different …