Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and
mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced …

With increasing age, the ability of the adaptive immune system to respond to vaccines and to
protect from infection declines. In parallel, the production of inflammatory mediators …

Aging is associated with a dysregulation of the immune response, loosely termed
“immunosenescence.” Each part of the immune system is influenced to some extent by the …

T cell ageing has a pivotal role in rendering older individuals vulnerable to infections and
cancer and in impairing the response to vaccination. Easy accessibility to peripheral human …

It is well established that increasing age is associated with a decreased capacity of the
immune system to mediate effective immune responses to vaccination and invading …

As humans live longer, a central concern is to find ways to maintain their health as they age.
Immunity declines during ageing, as shown by the increased susceptibility to infection by …

The most profound consequences of immune senescence with respect to human health are
the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and decreased vaccine efficacy. Changes …

Immunosenescence influences many components of the immune system. Most importantly,
profound changes in T cell function are evident in older individuals. The impact of aging on …

CD4 T cells, and especially T follicular helper cells, are critical for the generation of a robust
humoral response to an infection or vaccination. Importantly, immunosenescence affects …

The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …