Unimodal biometric systems have to contend with a variety of problems such as noisy data,
intra-class variations, restricted degrees of freedom, non-universality, spoof attacks, and …

Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological data of
human body for increasing systems security by providing accurate and reliable patterns and …

ABSTRACT A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system that operates by
acquiring biometric data from an individual, extracting a feature set from the acquired data …

Experimental studies show that multimodal biometric systems for small-scale populations
perform better than single-mode biometric systems. We examine if such techniques scale to …

Unimodal biometrics has several problems such as noisy data, intra class variation, inter
class similarities, non universality and spoofing which cause this system less accurate and …

A multimodal biometric system integrates information from multiple biometric sources to
compensate for the limitations in performance of each individual biometric system. We …

In many real-world applications, unimodal biometric systems often face significant limitations
due to sensitivity to noise, intraclass variability, data quality, nonuniversality, and other …

Biometric systems are used for the verification and identification of individuals using their
physiological or behavioral features. These features can be categorized into unimodal and …

The present paper is Part 2 in this series of two papers. In Part 1 we provided an introduction
to Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS) with a focus into the fundamentals: basic nomenclature …

This paper provides a review of multimodal biometric person authentication systems. The
paper begins with an introduction to biometrics, its advantages, disadvantages, and …