Training of surgeons is essential for safe and effective use of robotic surgery, yet current
assessment tools for learning progression are limited. The objective of this study was to …

Previous studies in robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) have studied cognitive workload by
modulating surgical task difficulty, and many of these studies have relied on self-reported …

Objective The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between eye-tracking measures
and perceived workload in robotic surgical tasks. Background Robotic techniques provide …

Background Eye metrics provide insight into surgical behaviour allowing differentiation of
performance, however have not been used in robotic surgery. This study explores eye …

The existing performance evaluation methods in robot-assisted surgery (RAS) are mainly
subjective, costly, and affected by shortcomings such as the inconsistency of results and …

Objectives To investigate operators' performance quality, mental stress, and ergonomic
habits through a training curriculum on robotic simulators. Design Forty volunteers without …

Surgeons' technical skill directly impacts patient outcomes. To date, the angular motion of
the instruments has been largely overlooked in objective skill evaluation. To fill this gap, we …

Background Research has demonstrated the benefits of robotic surgery for the patient;
however, research examining the benefits of robotic technology for the surgeon is limited …

Monitoring surgeon workload during robot-assisted surgery can guide allocation of task
demands, adapt system interfaces, and assess the robotic system's usability. Current …

Objective This study developed and evaluated a mental workload-based adaptive
automation (MWL-AA) that monitors surgeon cognitive load and assist during cognitively …