Males and females share many traits that have a common genetic basis; however, selection
on these traits often differs between the sexes, leading to sexual conflict,. Under such sexual …

Many salmon species include males which mature as much as 50% younger and as small
as 30% of the adult body size of other males in the population1–8. In the semelparous …

Why do highly fecund organisms apparently sacrifice offspring size for increased numbers
when offspring survival generally increases with size,,? The theoretical tools for …

Understanding the mechanisms by which populations adapt to their environments is a
fundamental aim in biology. However, it remains challenging to identify the genetic basis of …

The evolution of the placenta from a non-placental ancestor causes a shift of maternal
investment from pre-to post-fertilization, creating a venue for parent–offspring conflicts …

Male pregnancy in seahorses, pipefishes and sea dragons (family Syngnathidae)
represents a striking reproductive adaptation that has shaped the evolution of behaviour and …

Two general mechanisms of sex determination have been identified among gonochoristic
vertebrates: environmental sex determination where offspring become male or female in …

Reproduction through sex carries substantial costs, mainly because only half of sexual
adults produce offspring. It has been theorized that these costs could be countered if sex …

Sex roles are typically thought of as being fixed for a given species. In most animals males
compete for females, whereas the females are more reluctant to mate. Therefore sexual …

Sexual selection, through intra-male competition or female choice, is assumed to be a
source of strong and sustained directional selection in the wild,. In the presence of such …