Electric power in the twenty-first century is no longer what it used to be. Apart from meeting
the growing demand, a strong push to produce electricity in an economically sound way and …

Protecting high-voltage (HV) DC grids requires a different approach compared with that of ac
power system protection and poses one of the major challenges that must be resolved …

Conventional Voltage Source Converters (VSC) cannot interrupt DC fault currents and DC
circuit breakers are not yet commercially available for HVDC power ratings. Thus, the …

To protect the converters and minimize the power transmission interruption during dc line
faults, it is necessary to detect the faults at ultra high speed for the modular multilevel …

Nowadays, High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmissions are gaining relevance in long
distance and renewable energy integration projects over the conventional Alternating …

Fast detection and isolation of direct current (DC) faults are key issues for DC grids.
Therefore, it is very necessary to study the fault protection principle for DC grids. This paper …

This chapter provides an introduction to high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) grid protection
for short circuit faults at the DC side. It first investigates the impact of system grounding and …

The extensive application of power transfer through high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
transmission links in smart grid scenarios is due to many factors such as high-power transfer …

Modern civilization depends heavily on the consumption of electrical energy for industrial,
commercial, agricultural, domestic and social purposes. However, for the current HVDC …

Low voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution systems have the potential to support future
realization of smart grids and enabling of increased penetration of distributed renewables …