Nitrogen‐doped carbons are among the fastest‐growing class of materials used for oxygen
electrocatalysis, namely, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution …

Ten years have passed since the discovery of the first nitrogen‐doped carbon‐based metal‐
free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction, which opened a new field of catalysis toward …

Considering the urgent requirement for clean and sustainable energy, fuel cells and metal‐
air batteries have emerged as promising energy storage and conversion devices to alleviate …

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a core reaction for electrochemical energy
technologies such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. ORR catalysts have been limited to …

The Metal-free nitrogen-doped carbons represent an emerging low-cost nonprecious
electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that is a sluggish process at the cathode …

Metal‐free carbon electrodes with well‐defined composition and smooth topography are
prepared via sputter deposition followed by thermal treatment with inert and reactive gases …

Metal‐free ORR Electrocatalysts: N‐doped carbon nanocages (NCNCs) with large specific
surface areas of up to 1393 m 2 g− 1, which demonstrate excellent ORR performance with …

Generally, a significant amount of oxygen functional groups (OFGs) usually exist on the
surface of nitrogen-doped carbons. Unfortunately, the role of OFGs on the oxygen reduction …

The origin of oxygen reduction reaction activity in metal‐free N‐doped carbons has been a
stimulating, yet unsolved issue for the rational design of cost‐effective electrocatalysts for …

Transition metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts have been well-established as the most
promising alternatives for oxygen reduction reaction catalysis. The theoretical and atomic …