Metformin, the most prescribed antidiabetic medicine, has shown other benefits such as anti-
ageing and anticancer effects,,–. For clinical doses of metformin, AMP-activated protein …

Metformin is a first-line therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, even though
its underlying mechanisms of action are relatively unclear,,,,,. Metformin lowers blood …

Metformin is a first-line drug for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes, yet its
precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Metformin exerts its antihyperglycemic action …

Glucose production by the liver is essential for providing a substrate for the brain during
fasting. The inability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose output is a major aetiological …

The activity of 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is inversely
correlated with the cellular availability of glucose. When glucose levels are low, the …

There is no known treatment for fatty liver, a ubiquitous cause of chronic liver disease.
However, because it is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin-resistance, insulin …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease, and therapeutic
options for preventing its progression are limited. To identify novel therapeutic strategies, we …

The major energy source for most cells is glucose, from which ATP is generated via
glycolysis and/or oxidative metabolism. Glucose deprivation activates AMP-activated protein …

Metformin, the universal first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, exerts its therapeutic glucose-
lowering effects by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, the primary molecular …

Diabetes is a complex metabolic syndrome that is characterized by prolonged high blood
glucose levels and frequently associated with life-threatening complications …