Background Microglia, the resident macrophage-like cells in the brain, regulate innate
immune responses in the CNS to protect neurons. However, excessive activation of …

In CNS, glucocorticoids (GCs) activate both GC receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid
receptor (MR), whereas GR is widely expressed, the expression of MR is restricted …

Among the pathogenic processes contributing to dopaminergic neuron (DN) death in
Parkinson disease (PD), evidence points to non–cell-autonomous mechanisms, particularly …

The functional status of dynamic microglial cells plays an important role in maintaining
homeostasis of microenvironment in CNS. In a previous study, we reported that microglia …

Chronic stress as well as chronic treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) primes the
neuroinflammatory response to a subsequent pro-inflammatory challenge. However, it …

Although the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (GCs) are well established,
evidence has accumulated showing that proinflammatory GC effects can occur in the brain …

Glucocorticoids (GC) are essential neuroendocrine regulators of the immune system during
stress, and prolonged psychological stress has been shown to be immunosuppressive …

Steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and estrogens are well‐known regulators of
peripheral immune responses and also show anti‐inflammatory properties in the brain …

Inflammation and oxidative stress have been closely associated with the pathogenesis of
neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The expression of …

Acute and chronic stress sensitizes or “primes” the neuroinflammatory response to a
subsequent pro-inflammatory challenge. While prior evidence shows that glucocorticoids …