Commensal microflora (normal microflora, indigenous microbiota) consists of those micro-
organisms, which are present on body surfaces covered by epithelial cells and are exposed …

Mucosal immune responses to pathogenic gut bacteria and the mechanisms that govern
disease progression and outcome have been researched intensely for decades. More …

The human host and its microbial flora constitute a complex ecosystem whose equilibrium
serves as a remarkable example of reciprocal adaptation. Intestinal bacteria play an …

During the last decade, we have witnessed a stunning increase in information on the
composition of the microbiota; its influence on a variety of host functions; and associations …

The human interface with the microbial world has so far largely been considered through the
somewhat restrictive angle of host–pathogen interactions resulting in disease. It has …

Immunomodulatory commensal bacteria are proposed to be essential for maintaining
healthy tissues, having multiple roles including priming immune responses to ensure rapid …

Continuous exposure of intestinal mucosal surfaces to diverse microorganisms and their
metabolites reflects the biological necessity for a multifaceted, integrated epithelial and …

The microorganisms that inhabit humans are very diverse on different body sites and tracts.
Each specific niche contains a unique composition of the microorganisms that are important …

The mammalian microbiota comprises several hundred different bacterial species, many of
which have a beneficial effect on the host. For example, they are involved in preventing …

An intricate network of innate and immune cells and their derived mediators function in
unison to protect us from toxic elements and infectious microbial diseases that are …