Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) initiates its diverse cellular responses by binding to
and activating specific cell surface receptors that have intrinsic serine/threonine kinase …

TGF-β family signaling through Smads is conceptually a simple and linear signaling
pathway, driven by sequential phosphorylation, with type II receptors activating type I …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular
signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular …

Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate
signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand–receptor interactions …

The TGF-β family comprises many structurally related differentiation factors that act through
a heteromeric receptor complex at the cell surface and an intracellular signal transducing …

Smads are intracellular signalling mediators for the family of transforming growth factor β
(TGF-β)-related growth and differentiation factors, which signal through transmembrane …

Recent studies have consolidated the pivotal role of Smads as intracellular effectors of TGF-
β family members. Upon binding to their specific type I and type II serine/threonine kinase …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins control cell physiology, proliferation, and
growth, and direct cell differentiation, thus playing key roles in normal development and …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily members are multifunctional cell‐cell
signaling proteins that play pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis and development of …