In this paper, formulas for aspherical, sphero-cylindrical, toroidal, and ellipsoidal surfaces
with astigmatic axes are derived. Based on this, four types of curved surfaces were designed …

Toroidal, spherocylindrical, ellipsoidal, and combined surfaces were used to correct
astigmatism in aspheric spectacle lenses, and the differences among the proposed …

One of the criteria in ophthalmic spectacle lens design is the elimination of oblique
astigmatism. For a range of equivalent powers, Seidel (primary or third-order) astigmatism …

The purpose of this study was to compare the optical properties of different astigmatic optical
surfaces by direct physical measurement of their surface shapes. The back-surface heights …

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate a method of how to calculate
intraocular lenses with a customized asphericity and how to apply this strategy to clinical …

Significance: An effective algorithm for optimization of lens parameter can greatly eliminate
the aberration and reduce the thickness, making the wearer more comfortable. Aim: We …

Rotationally symmetrical aspheric surfaces of spectacle lenses are constructed as either
“zonal aspherics” or “continuous aspherics.” Zonal aspherics consist of annular zones …

The term “aspheric” means non‐spherical but this simple definition could include toric
surfaces, which is not intended in this paper. Instead the term “aspheric” will cover only …

The theory of third-order aberrations for a system of rotationally symmetric aspheric thin
lenses and relations for calculation of the shape of rotationally symmetric aspheric spectacle …

Ophthalmic lens design concerns the control of spectacle lens aberrations which occur
when the eye rotates away from the optical centre of the lens. The most significant …