Hajj is a mass gathering event that takes place annually in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Typically,
around three million people participate in the event and perform rituals that involve their …

Abstract The Hajj is an Islamic pilgrimage that involves four main holy sites in Makkah, Saudi
Arabia. As the number of participants (pilgrims) attending these events has been increasing …

Hajj is one of the largest mass gatherings where Muslims from all over the world gather in
Makah each year for pilgrimage. A mass assembly of such scale bears a huge risk of …

Tawaf is one of the most important rituals of hajj or umrah performed by the Muslim pilgrims
in Masjid Al-Haram yard, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. It consists of seven counterclockwise …

The safety of pilgrims is one the most important issues faced by authorities to make sure that
Hajj rituals are carried out in the best condition. Management of pilgrims' crowd movement …

Tawaf ritual performed during Hajj and Umrah is one of the most unique, large-scale multi-
cultural events in this modern day and age. Pilgrims from all over the world circumambulate …

Mass gatherings (MGs) are common phenomena with diverse crowd types and inherent
problems, which need to be managed according to their level of complexity and potential of …

Every year during the Hajj season there is a concentration of more than two million people
within the vicinity of the Masjid Al-Haram. Congested areas, such as the tawaf,, may reach …

Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage, is a large mass gathering event that involves performing rituals
at several sites on specific days and times in a fixed order, thereby requiring transport of …

Crowd simulation is one of the important fields in computer graphics. It helps us develop an
understanding of the complexity and the degree of crowd interactions of people in spaces …