Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously
evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill …

Reformulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines
with variant strains is being pursued to combat the global surge in infections. We …

The continuing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants highlights the need to update COVID-19
vaccine compositions. However, immune imprinting induced by vaccination based on the …

Immunological memory is the key source of protective immunity against pathogens. At the
current stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, heterologous combinations of exposure to viral …

Immune imprinting describes how the first exposure to a virus shapes immunological
outcomes of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. Severe acute respiratory …

The heterogeneity of the SARS-CoV-2 immune responses has become considerably more
complex over time and diverse immune imprinting is observed in vaccinated individuals …

In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans are
also susceptible to six other coronaviruses, for which consecutive exposures to antigenically …

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, novel and traditional vaccine strategies have been
deployed globally. We investigated whether antibodies stimulated by mRNA vaccination …

To combat the evolving SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines,
encoding both ancestral and Omicron BA. 5 spikes, have replaced monovalent vaccines in …

Immune Imprinting and Protection against Repeat Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 | New England
Journal of Medicine Skip to main content The New England Journal of Medicine homepage …