Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

It has long been recognized that prey that invest in toxic or other defenses often advertise
these defenses by means of conspicuously coloured signals. One question that remains …

Aposematism, where prey species conspicuously advertise their unprofitability to predators,
is a widespread defensive strategy. One feature of an aposematic anti-predatory strategy …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

Aposematic organisms couple conspicuous warning signals with a secondary defense to
deter predators from attacking. Novel signals of aposematic prey are expected to be …

The striking colour-pattern variation of some aposematic species is paradoxical because
selection by predators is expected to favour signal uniformity. Although the mechanisms …

Aposematic animals use anti-predator defence mechanisms such as distastefulness
coupled with distinctive odours, sounds, or colour visual signals to predation from domestic …

▪ Abstract Mimicry and warning color are highly paradoxical adaptations. Color patterns in
both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry are often determined by relatively few pattern …

Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency‐
dependent selection (+ FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit signal polymorphism …

Polymorphic warning signals in aposematic species are enigmatic because predator
learning and discrimination should select for the most common coloration, resulting in …