Research question The COVID-19 pandemic entailed a period where no spectators were
allowed to attend arena events. This provided a unique opportunity to study how the non …

The lack of crowds at sports fixtures as a result of COVID-19 restrictions has allowed
researchers a unique opportunity to examine the widely accepted convention of home …

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly altered the way sporting events are observed. With
the absence or limited presence of spectators in stadiums, the traditional advantage enjoyed …

This paper examines the relation between crowd support and home advantage in men's
professional football in making use of a unique “natural experiment” induced by restrictions …

Using COVID-19 safety protocols as a natural experiment, we are able to delineate three
distinct attendance categories in the NBA: 1) unrestricted games played prior to the …

Studies have consistently shown crowds contribute to home advantage in the National
Basketball Association (NBA) by inspiring home team effort, distracting opponents, and …

The present paper investigates factors contributing to the home advantage, by using the
exceptional opportunity to study professional football matches played in the absence of …

This study examines whether there is a quantifiable change in the magnitude of home
advantage (HA) when football matches are contested behind closed doors. The study …

The home advantage (HA) is a robust phenomenon in football whereby the home team wins
more games and scores more goals than the away team. One explanation is that the home …

The presence of spectators in sport is considered a factor that leads to home advantage
(HA). The objective of this research was to analyse the difference of wins, points and goals …