Bipolar direct electrical stimulation (DES) of an awake patient is the reference technique for
identifying brain structures to achieve maximal safe tumor resection. Unfortunately, DES …

Introduction The aim of brain glioma surgery is to maximize the quality of resection, while
minimizing the risk of sequelae. Due to the frequent location of gliomas near or within …

Background Brain-to-brain evoked potentials constitute a new methodology that could help
to understand the network-level correlates of electrical stimulation applied for brain mapping …

Background Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and mapping procedures via direct
cortical stimulation (DCS) are required for resection of eloquently located cerebral lesions. In …

Background Maximal safe resection remains a key principle in infiltrating glioma
management. Stimulation mapping is a key adjunct for minimizing functional morbidity while …

Background Localization of brain function is a fundamental requisite for the resection of
eloquent-area brain tumors. Preoperative functional neuroimaging and diffusion tensor …

Introduction Intraoperative application of electrical current to the brain is a standard
technique during brain surgery for inferring the function of the underlying brain. The purpose …

Direct electrical stimulation (DES) is used to perform functional brain mapping during awake
surgery and in epileptic patients. DES may be coupled with the measurement of Evoked …

Background: Maximum safe resection of infiltrative brain tumors in eloquent area is the
primary objective in surgical neuro-oncology. This goal can be achieved with direct electrical …

OBJECT To avoid iatrogenic injury during the removal of intrinsic cerebral neoplasms such
as gliomas, direct electrical stimulation (DES) is used to identify cortical and subcortical …