The nervous system, through the production of neuroregulators (neurotransmitters,
neuromodulators and neuropeptides) can regulate specific immune system functions, while …

Cells of the nervous and immune systems have specific receptors for humoral substances
that originate in both systems. These elements establish a bidirectional information …

The immune system has conceptually evolved as consisting of a cellular repertoire, soluble
cytokines, and immunoglobulins which function in concert with facilitory and inhibitory …

The immune system and the nervous system are both designed to interact with the body's
environment and to perceive and respond to physical or chemical stimuli gen—erated within …

The brain constitutes an environment that is specifically designed to accommodate, regulate
and shape immune responses. On one hand, the central nervous system (CNS) has …

This review briefly summarizes a part of the relevant knowledge base of neuroimmunology,
with particular emphasis on bidirectional neural–immune interactions. These complex …

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

Numerous cytokines and their receptors have been identified in the brain, where they act as
mediators of host defence responses and have direct effects on neuronal and glial function …

The immune system is a homeostatic system that contributes to maintain the constancy of
the molecular and cellular components of the organism. Immune cells can detect the …

It is becoming well accepted that products of the immune system (cytokines) can signal the
brain that infection has occurred. This cytokine-to-brain communication can result in marked …