Almost every polity uses state awards as diplomatic tools. Their global spread, however,
cannot be explained by dominant theories of International Relations (which focus on military …

Diplomacy is often presented as subordinated to politics as if it merely received politically
willed 'inputs' to produce politically structured 'outputs'. However, diplomacy often deviates …

Against conventional approaches that tend to minimize the importance of sub-state
diplomacy, this article argues that this reality is presently undergoing a process of legal and …

Although the first recorded permanent diplomatic mission was established by the Duke of
Milan at Genoa over five hundred years ago, knowledge of the structure and functioning of …

The increase in number and visibility of non-state actors (NGOs, corporations, philanthropic
foundations, social movements, think tanks, etc.) has shaken up the diplomatic game, forcing …

Originally written for a conference marking the 350th anniversary of the treaties of
Westphalia, the article argues that, although the surrounding circumstances are very …

The study of diplomacy has traditionally focused on relationships and interactions between
the governments of nation-states, empires, principalities, and similar politicies. This state …

In the summer of 1980, I went to work as a guard and interpreter at the Norwegian embassy
in Moscow. The work was my partial payment to the Norwegian Army for having taught me …

Why does all the research on international negotiations over the past 20 years make very
little use of formal theory, despite statements like that of Peyton Young that the principal tool …

This book analyzes the changing character of diplomacy—the changing ways in which
states and other international actors communicate, negotiate, and otherwise interact. The …