Whereas the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system used to be assigned
separate functions, it has now become clear that the ANS and the immune system (and …

After recovering from COVID-19, a significant proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic
individuals develop Long COVID. Fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, brain fog, anosmia, and …

Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is gaining increasing acceptance as a treatment modality for
various medical conditions. It works by blocking neuronal transmissions which in turn …

Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to
SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host. We are proposing …

Sepsis progresses to multiple organ dysfunction due to the uncontrolled release of
inflammatory mediators, and a growing body of evidence shows that neural signals play a …

Production of inflammatory cytokines plays important roles in the response against tissue
injury and in host defense. Alterations in the production of inflammatory cytokines may cause …

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which was first
reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has caused a global pandemic. Acute …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most severe form of acute lung injury. It is
induced by sepsis, aspiration, and pneumonia, including that caused by SARS coronavirus …

Background The stellate ganglion is an autonomic nervous ganglion, formed by the fusion of
the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the first thoracic sympathetic ganglion, which …

The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During
an immune response the brain and the immune system “talk to each other” and this process …