This paper defines and examines three generations of distance education pedagogy. Unlike
earlier classifications of distance education based on the technology used, this analysis …

Distance learning has significantly changed over the years from a social, pedagogical, and
technological perspective. The compatible bonding of telecommunications technologies and …

The development of high performance computing and communications is promoting the
creation of new media, such as the World Wide Web and virtual reality (VR). In turn, these …

Online learning now represents the post-industrial era of distance education with the focus
on designing context specifi c collaborative educational experiences (Garrison & Cleveland …

The field of distance education has changed dramatically over the last 30 years.
Technological developments have enabled interaction and collaboration among multiple …

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the effects of changes in practice that have been
fuelled by the application of information and communication technology (ICT) both to …

Distance education is practised in all parts of the world and in recent years, its scope has
developed enormously and rapidly. It has become an intrinsic part of many national …

This unique and comprehensive overview of open and distance education is written by one
of the best known names in the field. It integrates historical, contemporary and future aspects …

An important touchstone of distance education has been to contribute to the development of
individual learners whatever their life circumstances. The first half of the article provides an …

Over the period 1971–2001, distance education has changed enormously. This article
identifies five key changes. Firstly, and technologically, the period opened with the …