The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its end product cortisol are essential for
an adequate response to stress. Considering the role of stress as a risk factor for psychiatric …

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the association between depression and
cortisol responses to psychological stressors. A total of seven studies comparing plasma or …

Background Previous research has focussed extensively on the distinction of HPA-axis
functioning between patient groups and healthy volunteers, with relatively little emphasis on …

BACKGROUND: Acute depression has been associated with increased hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) reactivity. While chronicity of depressive illness influences …

Objective: To test if the covariance of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and
subjective-psychological responses to stress is dependent on different dynamics of these …

Background and aims Childhood trauma may have longstanding effects on individuals'
propensity to react adversely to stress, and also predisposes individuals to suffer from …

Objective Abnormal responses of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to stress
are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The …

Background Alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function are well-
established in adults with current depression. HPA alterations may persist into remission …

BackgroundMany patients with depressive disorders demonstrate resistance to
psychological therapy. A frequent finding is hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis …

Most psychosocial stress studies assess the overall cortisol response without further
identifying the temporal dynamics within hormone levels. It has been shown, however, that …