The main objective of this work was to study the functional markers of the clinical response
to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4). Twelve healthy male subjects were challenged with …

Experimental panic induction with cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK‐4) is considered as a
suitable model to investigate the pathophysiology of panic attacks. While only a few studies …

Background: Several functional imaging studies have demonstrated increases of brain
activity in the temporofrontal, cingulate, and claustrum regions during a pharmacologically …

According to preclinical studies, glutamate has been implicated in the pathogenesis of
anxiety. In order to elucidate the role of glutamate in anxiety and panic in humans, brain …

INTRODUCTION: Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) is an established model to generate
subjective panic anxiety. CCK-4 injection also results in consistent and dose-dependent rise …

Rationale Experimental panic induction with cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) has been
established as a model to study the pathophysiology of panic disorder and might serve as a …

We studied the effect of the cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK4), a potent CCKB antagonist,
in patients with panic disorder. Two different dosages (25 and 50 μg) of CCK4 and saline …

Abstract Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) induces panic attacks both in patients with
panic disorder (PD) and healthy volunteers. It has been shown that panic elicited by CCK-4 …

Abstract 3α-reduced neuroactive steroids such as 3α, 5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α, 5α-
THP) and 3α, 5α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3α, 5α-THDOC) are potent positive …

Background: Given the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
panic, it was of interest to examine whether panic provoking agents affect PTSD symptoms …