The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

For color vision, retinal circuits separate information about intensity and wavelength. In
vertebrates that use the full complement of four “ancestral” cone types, the nature and …

Background Color vision plays a critical role in visual behavior. An animal's capacity for
color vision rests on the presence of differentially sensitive cone photoreceptors. Spectral …

Color vision is essential for an animal's survival. It starts in the retina, where signals from
different photoreceptor types are locally compared by neural circuits. Mice, like most …

Aquatic mammals had to adapt to visual environments that are very different from those
encountered by terrestrial mammals. Herein, we review the current knowledge on the colour …

Retinal specializations such as cone-photoreceptor opsin-expression gradients, as found in
several vertebrate species, are intuitively considered detrimental to color vision. In mice, the …

How is the trichromatic cone mosaic of Old World primates sampled by retinal circuits to
create wavelength opponency? Red-green (L versus M cone) opponency appears to be …

The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular
genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual …

The use of spectral information in natural light to inform behaviour is one of the oldest and
most fundamental abilities of visual systems. It long-predates animals' venture onto the land …