The influenza virus-host interaction is a classic arms race. The recurrent and evolving nature
of the influenza virus family allows a single host to be infected several times. Locked in co …

Highlights•Humoral immunity against influenza viruses relies on memory B cells due to
immunological imprinting.•Protection or susceptibility to influenza infection is heavily …

Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to
escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive …

Highlights•Early viral infections shape B cell response recalled against future viral
strains.•Competition between memory and naïve B cells occurs in secondary viral …

Natural influenza virus infections and seasonal vaccinations often do not confer broadly
neutralizing immunity across diverse influenza strains. In addition, the virus is capable of …

Antigenic diversity shapes immunity in distinct and unexpected ways. This is particularly true
of the humoral response generated against influenza A viruses. Although it is known that …

Influenza pandemics can emerge unexpectedly and wreak global devastation. However,
each of the six pandemics since 1889 emerged in the Northern Hemisphere just after the flu …

The current pandemic threat can be best understood within an ecological framework that
takes account of the history of past pandemics caused by influenza A, the relationships …

Influenza A viruses evolve rapidly to escape host immunity, causing reinfection. The form
and duration of protection after each influenza virus infection are poorly understood. We …

Influenza is an infectious disease that primarily attacks the respiratory system. Innate
immunity provides both a very early defense to influenza virus invasion and an effective …