Immunosenescence is a series of age-related changes that affect the immune system and,
with time, lead to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. This Review addresses …

Aging inevitably leads to reduced immune function, leaving the elderly more susceptible to
infections, less able to respond to pathogen challenges, and less responsive to preventative …

Immunosenescence, describing alterations, including decline of immune responses with
age, is comprised of inappropriate elevations, decreases, and dysregulated immune …

Ageing leads to profound alterations in the immune system and increases susceptibility to
some chronic, infectious and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, widespread application …

Highlights•Immunosenescence leads to increased susceptibility to infection and decreased
vaccine response.•Heme-oxygenase gene expression may be an important element in age …

Aging of the immune system in humans and animals is characterized by a decline in both
adaptive and innate immune responses. Paradoxically, aging is also associated with a state …

Immune aging is best known for its immune defects that increase susceptibility to infections
and reduce adaptive immune responses to vaccination. In parallel, the aged immune system …

The immune system of an organism is an essential component of the defense mechanism
aimed at combating pathogenic stress. Age-associated immune dysfunction, also dubbed …

Immunosenescence contributes to a decreased capacity of the immune system to respond
effectively to infections or vaccines in the elderly. The full extent of the biological changes …

The study of immune dysfunction in the aged organism has much to contribute to our
understanding of the biology of aging. Since the decline in protective immune reactions with …