In balanced sampling a linear relation between the soil property of interest and one or more
covariates with known means is exploited in selecting the sampling locations. Recent …

Classical sampling theory has been repeatedly identified with classical statistics which
assumes that data are identically and independently distributed. This explains the switch of …

Scientists and consultants need to estimate and map properties of the terrestrial
environment. These include plant nutrients and parasites in soil, gaseous emissions from …

The objective of a long-term soil survey is to determine the mean concentrations of several
chemical parameters for the pre-defined soil layers and to compare them with the …

A spatial sampling design determines where sample locations are placed in a study area so
that population parameters can be estimated with relatively high precision. Spatially …

Spatially balanced sampling is becoming a popular design for surveys in biological and
environmental management. For large scale surveys, where the region of interest is too …

Several misconceptions about the design‐based approach for sampling and statistical
inference, based on classical sampling theory, seem to be quite persistent. These …

Sixteen soil sampling schemes were evaluated in a case study using geostatistical analyses
to determine their impact on directional sample variograms and kriging. Soil bulk density …

After outlining the general concepts of statistical design and sampling procedure to provide
a starting point for the development of sound and specific sampling plans, the following …

The accuracy of design-based sampling strategies can be increased by using regression
models at the estimation stage. The usual regression estimator requires that the means of …