Sexual dimorphism is a prominent feature of renal physiology and as a consequence, it
differentially affects predisposition to many adult kidney diseases. Furthermore the left and …

In the present study, we investigated the sexual dimorphisms, effects of castration and sex
hormone treatment, and strain differences in the morphology of mouse kidney by measuring …

Concerns regarding sex differences are increasingly pertinent in scientific and societal
arenas. Although biological sex and socio-cultural gender are increasingly recognized as …

Males and females differ across a broad spectrum of morphological, physiological, and
behavioral characters. In fact, sexually dimorphic traits typically contribute the largest …

Mammalian organs exhibit distinct physiology, disease susceptibility, and injury responses
between the sexes. In the mouse kidney, sexually dimorphic gene activity maps …

Sex hormones influence the development of female (F) and male (M) specific traits and
primarily affect the structure and function of gender-specific organs. Recent studies also …

The major functions of kidneys are the regulation of blood pressure, excretion of metabolic
wastes, and regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance. There are well-established …

Recent mandates from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) requiring the consideration of
sex as a biological variable in NIH-funded research have resulted in an increase in the …

The incidence of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is approximately 50% higher in men
than women. In order to understand the molecular basis of this gender disparity, we …