This paper is one of the outcomes of the 5th International Conference" Controversies in
Vitamin D" held in Stresa, Italy from 15 to 18 September 2021 as part of a series of annual …

Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent among individuals with gastrointestinal and liver disease.
Although replacement and supplementation guidelines have not been well defined …

Vitamin D and calcium are critical for skeletal health. Their absorption from the intestine is
negatively impacted by a number of gastrointestinal diseases and surgical procedures …

Vitamin D is an essential prohormone, primarily responsible for calcium homeostasis,
though it has additional functions that go beyond bone metabolism. Calling it a vitamin is …

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid hormone that plays a central role in
maintaining calcium-phosphorus and bone homeostasis in close interaction with parathyroid …

Vitamin D is a hormone responsible for calcium homeostasis and essential for bone
mineralization throughout the lifespan. Recent studies revealed a high prevalence of …

The major and most well‐known function of vitamin D is to maintain calcium and phosphorus
homeostasis and promote bone mineralization. However, recent evidence suggests that …

In addition to bone homeostasis, vitamin D is involved in the physiological functions of
several tissues and its insufficiency may contribute to various disorders. Vitamin D status …

In recent years an increasing number of observational studies have suggested that a low
vitamin D status contributes to the development of all sorts of chronic diseases. In reality …

Objectives Vitamin D has been found to be strongly associated with many systemic
disorders. There has been an augmented interest within the medical community in vitamin …