After decades of convergence, the gender gap in employment outcomes has recently
plateaued in many rich countries, despite the fact that women have increased their …

The authors build on prior research on the motherhood wage penalty to examine whether
the career penalties faced by mothers change over the life course. They broaden the focus …

Using harmonized longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the
German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth …

Several recent studies have shown a negative association between motherhood and wages.
However, an analysis of change over time in the motherhood penalty has not been …

Abstract In the United States, a recent spate of popular media attention has focused on
whether mothers, especially highly educated mothers in their thirties, are increasingly …

This paper explores how the wage and career consequences of motherhood differ by skill
and timing. Past work has often found smaller or even negligible effects from childbearing for …

Analyses relying on two international surveys from over 100,000 men and women across 29
countries explore the relationship between maternal employment and adult daughters' and …

Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of
the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But …

Women with children tend to earn lower hourly wages than women without children—a
shortfall known as the 'motherhood wage gap'. While many studies provide evidence for this …

Our research considers how inequalities in public and the private spheres are affected by
childhood exposure to non-traditional gender role models at home. We test the association …