With the advancement in subsurface communications technology, an overarching solution to
a underground phased array antenna design for digital agriculture requires interdisciplinary …

In underground (UG) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), transmit beamforming is
used to focus energy in the desired direction. There are three different paths in the …

This chapter presents a framework for adaptive beamforming in underground
communication. The wireless propagation is thoroughly analyzed to develop a model using …

Current wireless underground (UG) communication techniques are limited by their
achievable distance. In this paper, a novel framework for underground beamforming using …

The realization of Internet of underground things (IOUT) relies on the establishment of
reliable communication links, where the antenna becomes a major design component due …

Decision agriculture is the practice of accurately capturing the changing parameters of the
soil including water infiltration and retention, nutrients supply, acidity, and other time …

Radio signal propagation modeling plays an important role in the design of wireless
communication systems. Various models have been developed, over the past few decades …

In underground (UG) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), the transmit beamforming is
used to focus energy in the desired direction. There are three different paths in the …

Precision agriculture (PA) refers to a series of practices and tools necessary to correctly
evaluate farming needs. The accuracy and effectiveness of PA solutions are highly …

Underground sensing and propagation of Signals in the Soil (SitS) medium is an
electromagnetic issue. The path loss prediction with higher accuracy is an open research …