On Earth, humans are subjected to a gravitational force that has been an important
determinant in human evolution and function. During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to …

During spaceflight, the human cardiovascular system undergoes major changes primarily
related to the effects of decreased gravitational force, or microgravity, on the human body …

Background With expanding commercial space programs, uncertainty remains about the
cardiovascular effects of space environmental exposures including microgravity …

The harsh environmental conditions in space, particularly weightlessness and radiation
exposure, can negatively affect cardiovascular function and structure. In the future …

The direct (eg, radiation, microgravity) and indirect (eg, lifestyle perturbations) effects of
spaceflight extend across multiple systems resulting in whole-organism cardiovascular …

The cardiovascular system undergoes major changes in stress with space flight primarily
related to the elimination of the head-to-foot gravitational force. A major observation has …

The unique conditions of space harbor considerable challenges for astronauts to overcome.
Namely, the ionizing content of space radiation and the effects of microgravity have been …

Spaceflight causes adaptive changes in cardiovascular physiology, such as postflight
orthostatic intolerance, that can have deleterious effects on astronauts. In-flight …

Sides MB, Vernikos J, Convertino VA, Stepanek J, Tripp LD, Draeger J, Hargens AR,
Kourtidou-Papadeli C, Pavy-LeTraon A, Russomano T, Wong JY, Buccello RR, Lee PH …

While early investigations into the physiological effects of spaceflight suggest the body's
ability to reversibly adapt, the corresponding effects of long-term spaceflight (> 6 months) are …